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ASA Format
American Sociological Association
Overview:
The American Sociological Association Style Guide is intended
for authors who are preparing manuscripts for publication in
ASA journals. This handout is intended for students who are
instructed to use "ASA style" when writing research papers.
Consult the ASA Style Guide for additional or more detailed
information.
Manuscript Format:
- All text (including footnotes & references) must be doubled
spaced and in a 12 point type.
- Margins must be at least 1 ¼ inches on all four sides
- A separate title page including title of paper, name(s)
& institution(s) of authors, word count for the manuscript
(including footnotes and references), title footnote (includes
names, addresses of authors, acknowledgements, credits,
and grants)
- If required, on a separate page provide a short (150-200
word) abstract headed with the title.
- Begin the text of the paper on a separate page headed
with the title of the paper.
Citations in Text:
Basic form for citations in the text include the last name of
the author(s) and year of publication. Include page number when
you quote directly from the work or refer to specific passages.
- If author's name is in the text, follow it with the publication
year in parentheses.
- If the author's
name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses:
- When the study was completed…(Jones 1994)
- If the page number
is to be included it follows the year of publication after a
colon:
- For three authors, give all last names
in the first citation in the text; afterwards use the first
name and et al.; for more than three names, use the first author's
last name plus et al.:
- (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954) (Snow et
al. 1989)
- Quotations in the text must begin and end with quotation
marks; the citation follows the end quote mark and precedes
the period.
- "In 1999, however, the data were reported by more
specific job types which showed that technologically oriented
jobs paid better" (Hildenbrand 1999:47).
Footnotes & Endnotes:
Try to avoid footnotes, but if necessary, use footnotes to cite
material of limited availability or to add information presented
in a table. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout
the essay with superscript Arabic numerals and included at the
bottom of the paper or in a separate section headed "Endnotes."
Reference List (Bibliography):
References follow the text and
footnotes in a separate section headed "References." All references
cited in the text must be listed and vice-versa. Remember references
should be double-spaced. List references in alphabetical order
by author's last names. Use hanging indention (see examples)
Invert the authors' name; if there are two or more authors,
invert only the first author's name. Arrange multiple items
by the same author in order by year of publication, earliest
year first. Use six hyphens and a period(------.) in place of
the name(s) for repeated authorship. Distinguish works by the
same author in the same year by adding letters (e.g. 1993a,
1993b, 1993c). Use italics for book and periodical titles (underline
if italics are not available). If no date is available use "N.d."
in place of the date. Include both city and state for place
of publication except for New York using U.S. Postal Code abbreviations.
For foreign cities provide the name of the country.
Examples of References:
Books: Basic form for a book entry is
1-Author's
last name, followed by a comma and the first name and middle
initial, ending with a period.
2- Year of publication followed
by a period.
3- Title of book italicized ending with a period.
4- Place of publication, followed by a colon and name of publisher
ending with a period.
-One Author
De Anda, Roberto M. 1995.
Chicanas and Chicanos in Contemporary Society. Boston, MA: Allyn
and Bacon.
-Two Authors
Herrera-Sobek, María and Helena María
Viramontes. 1995. Chicana (W)rites : On Word and Film. Berkeley,
CA: Third Woman Press.
-Chapter in Book
Nathan, Peter E. and
Raymond S. Niaura. 1987. "Prevention of Alcohol Problems." Pp.
333-354 in Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol Problems: A Resource
Manual, edited by W.M. Cox. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, Inc.
-No Author
Manual of Style. 1993. 14th ed. Chicago, IL: University
of Chicago Press. List books with no author alphabetically by
the first significant word in the title.
Journal Articles in Print: Basic form for a journal article is
1- Author's last name, followed by a comma and the first name and middle initial
ending with a period.
2- Year of publication followed by a period.
3-Title of article in quotations and ending with a period inside
the closing quotation mark.
4-Name of journal in italics
5-
volume number followed by colon, page number(s) and period.
Use the issue number following the volume number in parentheses
or exact date for journal article prior to the volume number
for journals that do not number pages consecutively within a
volume.
-One Author
Garcia, Alma M. 1998. "An Intellectual Odyssey:
Chicana/Chicano Studies Moving into the Twenty-first Century."
Journal of American Ethnic History 18:109.
-Two or More Authors
Exum, William H., Robert J. Menges, Bari Watkins, and Patricia
Berglund. 1984. "Making it at the top: Women and minority faculty
in the academic labor market." American Behavioral Scientist
27:301-324.
Newspaper & Magazine Articles in Print: Basic form
for a newspaper or magazine entry is
1- Author's last name,
followed by a comma and the first name and middle initial, ending
with a period.
2- Year of publication followed by a period.
3-Title of article in quotations and ending with a period inside
the closing quotation mark.
4-Name of newspaper/magazine in
italics
5-date of publication followed by a comma
6- page number
of article within the publication ending with a period.
-Magazine
Jana, Reena. 2000. "Preventing culture clashes - As the IT workforce
grows more diverse, managers must improve awareness without
creating inconsistency." InfoWorld, April 24, pp. 95.
-Newspaper
Rimland, Bernard. 2000. "Do children's shots invite autism?"
Los Angeles Times, April 26, A13. Articles Retrieved in Electronic
Format
-From Commercial Databases
Graham, Lorie M. 1998. "The
Past Never Vanishes: A Contextual Critique of the Existing Indian
Family Doctrine" American Indian Law Review, 23:1. Retrieved
May 25, 1999 Available: LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe, Law Reviews.
-Web Version of Newspapers
Clary, Mike. 2000. "Vieques Protesters
Removed Without Incident." Los Angeles Times, May 5. Retrieved
May 5, 2000 (http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/updates/lat_vieques000505.htm).
-Web Based Journals
Smith, Herman W. and Takako Nomi. 2000. "Is
Amae the Key to Understanding Japanese Culture?." Electronic
Journal of Sociology 5:1. Retrieved May 5, 2000 (http://www.sociology.org/content/vol005.001/smith-nomi.html).
Other
-Information Posted on a Web Site
American Sociological Association.
2000. "Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Workshop." Washington,
DC: American Sociological Association, Retrieved May 5, 2000
(http://www.asanet.org/members/socwkshp.html).
-Government
Documents: Since the nature of public documents is so varied,
the form of entry for documents cannot be standardized. The
essential rule is to provide sufficient information so that
the reader can locate the reference easily. For example see
the following:
United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development.
1999. Rehab a home with HUD's 203(k) : HUD and FHA are on your
side. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development.
-Dissertations & Theses
Valencia, Albert. 1995. "An examination
of selected characteristics of Mexican-American battered women
and implications for service providers." Ph.D. dissertation,
Department of Education, University of the Pacific, Stockton,
CA.
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