Consult the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.)
for special situations.
Note: APA now uses a Digital Object Identifier (doi) as a standard part of
many citations.
Style Sheet Sections
In-Text Parenthetical
References
You must give credit in the text
to paraphrases of words and ideas as well as to exact quotations.
There are three ways to cite sources in the text:
- Statements followed
by the citation in parentheses.
(Exact Quote)
"...mothers who are overly strict and
harshly punitive... who strongly
show their anger or disappointment with their
children, are likely to impede their
children's prosocial development" (Hastings
et al., 2000, p. 543).
(Exact Quote
-- Electronic Source - No page numbers given.
Give section and paragraph.)
"...mothers who are extremely strict
...may impede their children's prosocial
development (Hastings et al., 2000, Conclusion
section, para.4).
(Paraphrase)
Extremely critical mothers might warp children's
social development
(Hastings et al., 2000).
[Note: This is not a good paraphrase. It changes
just a few words.]
- Sentence includes
the author(s) with the year in parentheses.
Hastings et al. (2000) found that overly
strict mothers...
- Sentence includes
the author(s) and the year.
A 2000 study by Hastings et al. determined
that...
Note: For in-text citations with three, four or five
authors, list all names followed by commas
the first time, and only first author followed by et
al. and date for subsequent cites; for six or more authors,
use the abbreviation et al. following the first author name for all citations.
back to
top
Reference List
Format
The reference list at the end of
a paper provides the information needed to locate and retrieve
the source documents cited in the paper.
General Notes on Reference Lists:
- Include only sources that were used
in the preparation of the paper.
- Arrange entries in alphabetical order
by last name of author.
- Use a hanging indent: the first line
is at the left margin; subsequent lines are indented five
spaces.
- Double space all entries.
- No extra space needed between entries; the hanging indents
indicate the separate citations.
- Space once after all punctuation.
- Use only the initials of the authors'
first and middle names.
- List all authors in reverse order:
last name, first and middle initials.
- If two or more authors are listed,
use an ampersand (&) in front of the last author.
- List up to seven authors; if there are more than
seven authors, list the first six followed by an ellipsis, then the last author.
- Use commas after authors' names and
before an ampersand.
- If no author is given, start with
the title and then the date. Incorporate these into the
list in proper alphabetical order, ignoring initial articles.
- Capitalize only the first words of
book or article titles and subtitles; capitalize all important words
in the name of a journal.
- Italicize the names
of books and periodicals.
back to
top
Note: These examples are single-spaced
to save space. In a paper, entries are double-spaced.
Book - General Guidelines
Author, X. X., Author, Y. Y., Jr.,
& Author, Z. Z. (Eds. if editors). (Year). Title: Capitalize
only the first word of the title
and also of the first word of the subtitle and proper nouns and adjectives, and
italicize the entire
title including the period. (If the book
is a 2nd or subsequent edition, put
the edition in parentheses after the title
and before the period). Digital object identifier (doi:xx.xxxx/xx...)
if given. If no doi, Retrieved from URL (date not necessary).
If no URL (i.e. a print copy), City of publication,
two-letter state abbreviation:
Publisher.
Book - Examples
Book (Print)
Gladding, S.T. (2005). Counseling as an art : The creative arts in counseling.
Alexandria, VA:
American Counseling Association.
Book (electronic - doi provided)
Schiraldi, G.R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to
healing, recovery and growth [Adobe
Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0071393722
Book (electronic - no doi provided)
Howie, J.
(1995). Ethical issues in contemporary society.
Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com/
Edited Book (Print)
Sprinthall, N. A., & Mosher, R. L.
(Eds.). (1978). Value development as the
aim of education.
Schenectady, NY: Character
Research Press.
Chapter In Book - General Guidelines
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter,
capitalizing first word of title (and subtitle if applicable), no underscore,
quotation marks, or italic. In A. Editor
& B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book, italics. (pp. xxx-xxx).
Publisher. Digital object identifier (doi:xx.xxxx/xx...)
if given. If no doi, Retrieved from URL (date not necessary). If no URL (i.e. a print copy),
end with City, two-Letter state abbreviation: Publisher.
Chapter In Book - Examples
Chapter in Book (Print)
Kalish, C. W. (2000). Children's
thinking about truth: A parallel to
social domain judgments? In M.
Laupta (Ed.), Rights and wrongs:
How children and young adults
evaluate the world (pp.6-22). San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Chapter in Book (Electronic)
Helsley, J.D. (2008). Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition. In
J. Vanin & J. Helsley
(Eds.) Anxiety disorders:
A pocket guide for primary care
(pp. 195-207). doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-263-2_13
back to
top
Journal Articles - Guidelines And Examples
Journal
Article - Continuous Pagination
Author, A. B., & Author,
C. D. (Year). Title of article, capitalizing only
the first word of title, and first word of subtitle,
and proper nouns; no quotation marks, underscore,
or italics. Name of the Periodical in Italics
and All Important Words Capitalized, volume
number, also italicized,
inclusive pages. Digital object identifier (doi:xx.xxxx/xx...)
if given. If no doi, Retrieved from URL. If no URL (i.e. a print copy),
end with inclusive pages.
Walker, L. J., Hennig, K. H., & Krettenauer, T.
(2000) Parent and peer
contexts
for children's moral reasoning development. Child
Development,
71, 1033-1048. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00207
Journal Article - Repaginated
Issues
Same as Continuous Pagination,
except after volume number, (issue number in parentheses),
inclusive pages. Digital object identifier (doi:xx.xxxx/xx...)
if given. If no doi, Retrieved from URL (Journal home page). If no URL (i.e. a print copy),
end with inclusive pages.
Denton, J. (1997). Character and moral development.
Namta Journal,
22(2),
111-116. Retrieved from http://www.montessori-namta.org/NAMTA
/NAMServs/journal.html
Electronic
Journal Article -- PDF Identical to Print Copy
Author, A. B., &
Author, C. D. (Date). Title of article, capitalizing
only the first word of title, and first word of
subtitle, and proper nouns; no quotation marks,
or italics. Name of the Periodical in Italics
and All Important Words Capitalized, volume
number, also italicized (issue number, if there is one, in parentheses),
inclusive pages. Digital object identifier (doi) if available.
Walker, L. J., Hennig, K. H., & Krettenauer, T.
(2000). Parent and peer
contexts
for children's moral reasoning development. Child
Development,
71, 1033-1048. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00207
Electronic Journal Article
-- HTML/Text (Differs from print copy, may not
be paginated)
Author, A. B. & Author,
C. D. (Date). Title of article, capitalizing only
the first word of title, and first word of subtitle,
and proper nouns; no quotation marks or italics.
Name of the periodical in italics and All Important
Words Capitalized, volume number also italicized
(issue number, if there is one, in parentheses and not in italics).
Doi or retrieval statement including complete URL of journal homepage.
Elliott-Howard, F. E., DuFrene, D. D., & Daniel,
L. G. (1997). The ethical issues rating scale: An
instrument
for measuring ethical orientation of college students
toward various business
practices.
Educational and Psychological Measurement,
57.
doi:10.1177/0013164497057003012
Other Sources
Article Available
Only On-line
Author. (Date if available).
Title, capitalize only the first word of title,
and first word of subtitle, and proper nouns or
adjectives; no quotation marks, underscore, or
italics. Retrieval statement including date retrieved,
department or program if from a large and complex
website such as a university or government agency,
report number (in parentheses) if applicable, and the URL for the
document itself; point directly to the document,
do not close the URL with a period. If you must
put a site on two lines, break before a slash
or dot.
Berkowitz, M. W., & Grych, J. H. (1998) Fostering
goodness: Teaching parents to facilitate
children's
moral development. Retrieved
from The Center for Academic Integrity,
Duke University, http://tigger.uic.edu /~lnucci/MoralEd/articles/berkowitzfostering.html
Websites
Note: If you are citing an entire
Website rather than a specific page within the Website,
an in-text parenthetical citation containing the
URL is all that is necessary. The "Websites" below
exemplify the general category of individual
Webpages that are often untitled or generically
titled, usually have no identified author, and in
any case are NOT in the form of a discrete, terminal
document such as a PDF or sole, substantive article
on an HTML page. Most Websites' index pages fit
this description, as do many of the other pages
within those Websites.
Guidelines
Author and/or source
if given. (Date if given). Title in italics if given.
Retrieval statement; may have to include additional department or program information if from a large and complex
website and some information does not appear to belong in title. Include report number (in parentheses)
if applicable, and conclude with the URL for the document itself; point directly to the document,
do not close the URL with a period. If you must put a site on two lines, break before a slash
or dot.
Examples
University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Education Leadership, Higher Education and International
Education. About EDHI: Mission Statement. Retrieved from http://www.education.umd.edu
/EDHI/about/mission.html
Nantucket Nectars. Tom and Tom Story. Retrieved
from http://www.nantucketnectars.com/tomandtom
.php?PHPSESSID=cb108a44835a8900a0431ba525466a20
back to
top
Dissertation or Thesis
Author, last name first, followed
by initials. (Date in parentheses). Title,
capitalizing only the first word of
title, and first word of subtitle, and
proper nouns; no quotation marks, underscore,
or italics (Doctoral Dissertation or Master's Thesis).
If electronic, give retrieval
statement, 'Retrieved from' or 'Available from'..... followed by relevant order or document number in parentheses.
Fuqua, D. R. (1980). Discrimination in skill selection as an index of performance
in communication skills training
[Doctoral dissertation]. Retrieved from
Proquest: Dissertation
and Theses Full-Text. (AAT 8024569)
back to
top
Video
Names of primary contributors if
given (Function in parentheses). (Date in
parentheses). Title underscored or
italicized: Only the first word and
proper nouns and adjectives capitalized [Type of material in brackets].
(Available from distributor's name and
address, if available, in parentheses)
Sinno, J., Longley, J. (Producers), & Longley, J. (Director). (2007). Iraq
in fragments
[DVD]. (Available from Typecast Films, Seattle, WA)
back to
top
Mental Measurements Yearbook
Entire Test Description (online)
Test name as it appears at the beginning of the entry. (Date of the Mental Measurement
Yearbook,* not the test publication date). In number Mental Measurements Yearbook.
Retrieval statement including database.
Defining issues test. (1992). In The eleventh mental measurements yearbook. Retrieved
from EBSCO Mental Measurements Yearbook
database.
Test Review (print)
Last name, first initial of review author. (Year of MMY publication).
[Review of the name of test.] In name(s) of MMY editors, The [edition] mental
measurements yearbook (pp. xxx-xxx). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental
Measurements.
Sandoval, J. (2003). [Review of the Woodcock-Johnson III].
In B. S. Plake,
J. C. Impara, & R. A. Spies (Eds.), The fifteenth
mental measurements
yearbook (pp. 1024-1028). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements
Test Review (online)
Last name, first initial of review author. (Year of MMY publication).
Review of the name of test. In
The [edition] mental
measurements yearbook. Retrieval statement including database.
Sutton, R. E. (1992). Review of the defining issues test. In
the eleventh mental
measurements yearbook. Retrieved
from EBSCO Mental
Measurements Yearbook
database.
*Dates of Mental Meaurements
Yearbooks: 9th-1985; 10th-1989; 11th-1992; 12th-1995;
13th-1998; 14th-2001; 15th-2003; 16th-2005; 17th-2007;
18th-2010.
back to
top
For more examples of APA style, we recommend the
Purdue OWL APA Guide
|
