APA has recently changed their Style Guide for electronic
sources (collected additions and changes are at the Reference
desk and are also available
for purchase here). However, many people
are not yet aware of these changes, and they also
have not yet been codified in a new edition of the
APA Publication Manual; so, with the exception of
one acknowledgement of a major change -- the inclusion
of a Digital Object Identifier (doi) marker in some
cases -- LNDL is waiting to comprehensively revise
its guide. If your instructor requires the newest
version of APA electronic style, please click the
above link or contact the reference desk (x6802)
or your instructor for additional help.
Consult the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.)
for special situations.
In-Text Parenthetical
References
You must give credit in the text
to paraphrases of words and ideas as well as to exact quotations.
There are three ways to cite sources in the text:
- Statements followed
by the cite in parentheses.
(Exact Quote)
"...mothers who are overly strict and
harshly punitive... who strongly
show their anger or disappointment with their
children, are likely to impede their
children's prosocial development" (Hastings
et al., 2000, p. 543).
(Exact Quote
-- Electronic Source - No page numbers given.
Give section and paragraph.)
"...mothers who are extremely strict
...may impede their children's prosocial
development (Hastings et al., 2000, Conclusion
section, para.4).
(Paraphrase)
Extremely critical mothers might warp children's
social development
(Hastings et al., 2000).
[Note: This is not a good paraphrase. It changes
just a few words.]
- Sentence includes
the author(s) with the year in parentheses.
Hastings et al. (2000) found that overly
strict mothers...
- Sentence includes
the author(s) and the year.
A 2000 study by Hastings et al. determined
that...
Note: For in-text cites, for three,
four, or five authors, list all names followed by commas
the first time cited and only first author followed by et
al. and date for subsequent cites; for six or more authors,
use the abbreviation, et al., for all cites.
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Cited References
Format
The reference list at the end of
a paper provides the information needed to locate and retrieve
the source documents cited in the paper.
General notes:
- Include only sources that were used
in the preparation of the paper.
- Arrange entries in alphabetical order
by last name of author.
- Use a hanging indent: the first line
is at the left margin; subsequent lines are indented five
spaces.
- Double space all entries.
- Double space also between entries.
- Space once after all punctuation.
- Use only the initials of the authors'
first and middle names.
- Include the names of all authors,
no matter how many.
- List all authors in reverse order:
last name, first and middle initials.
- If two or more authors are listed,
use an amperstand (&) in front of the last author.
- Use commas after authors' names and
before the ampersand.
- If no author is given, start with
the title and then the date. Incorporate these into the
list in proper alphabetical order, ignoring initial articles.
- Capitalize only the first words of
book or article titles; capitalize all important words
in the name of a journal.
- Italicize or underscore the names
of books and periodicals.
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Note: These examples are single-spaced
to save space. In a paper, entries are double-spaced.
Book
Author, X. X., Author, Y. Y. ,Jr.,
& Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title: Capitalize
only the first word of the title
and also of the subtitle and proper names, and
italicize the entire
title including the period. (If the book
is a 2nd or subsequent edition, put
the edition in parentheses after the title
and before the period). City of publication
and state if not well-known city:
Publisher.
Stilwell, B. M., Galvin, M. R., &
Kopta, S. M. (2000). Right vs. wrong:
Raising a child with a conscience
(2nd ed). Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
Edited Book
Editor, A. A., Editor, B. B., & Editor,
C. C. (Eds.). (Year). Title as for authored book,
italicized.
City: Publisher.
Sprinthall, N. A., & Mosher, R. L.
(Eds.). (1978). Value development as
the
aim of education. Schenectady, NY: Character
Research Press.
Chapter in a Book
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter,
only initial word capitalized, no underscore,
quotation marks, or italic. In A. Editor
& B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book, italics. (pp. xxx-xxx). City:
Publisher.
Kalish, C. W. (2000). Children's
thinking about truth: a parallel to
social domain judgments? In M.
Laupta (Ed.), Rights and wrongs:
How children and young adults
evaluate the world (pp.6-22). San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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Journal
Article - Continuous Pagination
Author, A. B., & Author,
C. D. (Year). Title of article, capitalizing only
the first word of title, and first word of subtitle,
and proper nouns; no quotation marks, underscore,
or italics. Name of the Periodical in Italics
and All Important Words Capitalized, volume
number, only the number, also italicized,
inclusive pages.
Walker, L. J., Hennig, K. H., & Krettenauer, T.
(2000) Parent and peer
contexts
for children's moral reasoning development. Child
Development,
71, 1033-1048.
Journal Article - Repaginated
Issues
Same as Continuous Pagination,
except after volume number, (issue number in parentheses),
inclusive pages.
Denton, J. (1997). Character and moral development.
Namta Journal,
22(2),
111-116.
Electronic
Journal Article -- PDF (Identical to Print Copy)
Author, A. B., &
Author, C. D. (Date). Title of article, capitalizing
only the first word of title, and first word of
subtitle, and proper nouns; no quotation marks,
or italics. Name of the Periodical in Italics
and All Important Words Capitalized, volume
number, only the number, also italicized,
inclusive pages.
Walker, L. J., Hennig, K. H., & Krettenauer, T.
(2000). Parent and peer
contexts
for children's moral reasoning development. Child
Development,
71, 1033-1048.
Electronic Journal Article
-- HTML/Text (Differs from print copy, may not
be paginated or contain tables and figures)
Author, A. B. & Author,
C. D. (Date). Title of article, capitalizing only
the first word of title, and first word of subtitle,
and proper nouns; no quotation marks, or italics.
Name of the periodical in italics and All Important
Words Capitalized, volume number also italicized,
inclusive pages. Retrieval statement including
date and database (if subscription database) or
complete URL (if open access).
Elliott-Howard, F. E., DuFrene, D. D., & Daniel,
L. G. (1997). The ethical issues rating: An
instrument
for measuring ethical orientation of college students
toward various business
practices.
Educational and Psychological Measurement,
57, 515-527. Retrieved October 30,
2005,
from Academic OneFile database.
Electronic
Journal Article -- With Digital Object Identifier
(DOI) assigned
Note: the following method
of citation is an option when a database record
for an article includes a DOI number. If there
is no DOI indicated, follow the appropriate preceding
model.
Author, A. B., &
Author, C. D. (Date). Title of article, capitalizing
only the first word of title, and first word of
subtitle, and proper nouns; no quotation marks,
or italics. Name of the Periodical in Italics
and All Important Words Capitalized, volume
number, only the number, also italicized,
inclusive pages. Digital object identifier.
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Carlo, G. (2007). Personal values as a mediator between
parent and peer expectations
and adolescent behaviors.
Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3) 538-541. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.538
Electronic Article -- Available
Only On-line
Author. (Date if available).
Title, capitalize only the first word of title,
and first word of subtitle, and proper nouns or
adjectives; no quotation marks, underscore, or
italics. Retrieval statement including date retrieved,
department or program if from a large and complex
website such as a university or government agency,
report number if applicable, and the URL for the
document itself; point directly to the document,
do not close the URL with a period. If you must
put a site on two lines, break before a slash
or dot.
Berkowitz, M. W., & Grych, J. H. (1998) Fostering
goodness: Teaching parents to facilitate
children's
moral development. Retrieved October 30, 2005,
from The Center for Academic
Integrity,
Duke University, http://tigger.uic.edu /~lnucci/MoralEd/articles/berkowitzfostering.html
Websites
Author and/or source
if given. (Date if given). Title in italics.
Department or program if from a large and complex
website such as a university or government agency,
report number if applicable, Retrieval statement
including date retrieved, and the URL for the
document itself; point directly to the document,
do not close the URL with a period. If you must
put a site on two lines, break before a slash
or dot.
University of Illinois at Chicago. Technology
in Higher Education. University of Illinois
at Chicago, College of Education, Office
for Studies in Technological Progress and Educational
Applications. Retrieved October 25, 2001, from
Web site:
http://eeyore.umd.edu/~lnucci/Tech/aotm/highered.htm
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ERIC Document
Author, last name first, followed
by initials. (Date in parentheses). Title
italicized: Only first
word of title and subtitle and proper nouns and adjectives
capitalized
(Report number in parentheses if there is a report number;
this is
not the ERIC number). City, State postal
abbrev. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. ED xxx xxx
in parentheses) If obtained electronically,
add retrieval statement.
McCrary, J. H. (1999). Children's
heroes and heroines: Developing values
manifested through artwork.
Paper presented at the annual meeting
of the Mid-South Educational Research
Association, Point Clear,
AL. (ERIC Document Reproduction
Service No. ED 437 390) Retrieved
October 25, 2005, from ERIC.
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Abstract -
Same as full source but add the word [Abstract] in brackets
after title.
Abstract for dissertation:
Author, last name first, followed
by initials. (Date in parentheses). Title,
capitalizing only the first word of
title, and first word of subtitle, and
proper nouns; no quotation marks, underscore,
or italics [Abstract].
Name of source underscored or italicized.
If electronic, give retrieval
statement, Abstract obtained from.....
Fuqua, B. H. (1999). Young children's decisions about naughtiness
and
punishment in constructivist classrooms
[Abstract]. Abstract obtained
from Proquest: Dissertation
Abstracts International, UMI No. 9920203.
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Video
Names of primary contributors if
given (Function in parentheses). (Date in
parentheses). Title underscored or
italicized: Only the first word and
proper nouns and adjectives capitalized
[Type of material in brackets].
(Available from distributor's name and
address in parentheses)
Krigbaum, M. (Producer), & Cox, R. A. (Director). (1977). Morality:
The process of moral development
[Vidocassette]. (Available
from Davidson Films, 668 Marsh
Street, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401)
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Mental Measurements Yearbook
Entire Test Description (online)
Test name as it appears at the beginning of the entry. (Date of the Mental Measurement
Yearbook,* not the test publication date). In number Mental Measurements Yearbook.
Retrieval statement including date and database.
Defining issues test. (1992). In The eleventh mental measurements yearbook. Retrieved
January 31, 2004, from EBSCO Mental Measurements Yearbook
database.
Test Review (print)
Last name, first initial of review author. (Year of MMY publication).
[Review of the name of test.] In name(s) of MMY editors, The [edition] mental
measurements yearbook (pp. xxx-xxx). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental
Measurements.
Sandoval, J. (2003). [Review of the Woodcock-Johnson III].
In B. S. Plake,
J. C. Impara, & R. A. Spies (Eds.), The fifteenth
mental measurements
yearbook (pp. 1024-1028). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements
Test Review (online)
Last name, first initial of review author. (Year of MMY publication).
Review of the name of test. In
The [edition] mental
measurements yearbook. Retrieval statement including date and database.
Sutton, R. E. (1992). Review of the defining issues test. In
the eleventh mental
measurements yearbook. Retrieved
January 31, 2004, from EBSCO Mental
Measurements Yearbook
database.
*Dates of Mental Meaurements Yearbooks:
9th-1985; 10th-1989; 11th-1992; 12th-1995; 13th-1998;
14th-2001; 15th-2003; 16th-2005; 17th-2007.
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