(textual
citation and reference list). For numerous specific examples,
see chapters 16 and 17 of The Chicago Manual of
Style, 16th edition. The following examples
include some of the most common types of print and electronic
sources.
Book
One author
|
N: 1. Wendy Doniger,
Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1999), 65.
B: Doniger, Wendy.
Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1999.
|
T: (Doniger
1999, 65)
R: Doniger, Wendy. 1999.
Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
|
Two authors
|
N: 6. Guy Cowlishaw
and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2000), 104-7.
B:
Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation
Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
|
T: (Cowlishaw and
Dunbar 2000, 104-7)
R: Cowlishaw,
Guy, and Robin Dunbar. 2000. Primate conservation biology.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
|
Four or more authors
|
N: 13. Edward O.
Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality:
Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1994), 262.
B:
Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael,
and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality:
Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1994.
|
T: (Laumann et al.
1994, 262)
R: Laumann, Edward O.,
John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels.
1994. The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices
in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
|
Editor, translator, or
compiler instead of author
|
N: 4. Richmond
Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1951), 91-92.
B:
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1951.
|
T: (Lattimore 1951, 91-92)
R: Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951.
The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
|
Editor, translator, or
compiler in addition to author
|
N: 16. Yves Bonnefoy,
New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony
Rudolf (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 22.
B: Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected
Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1995.
|
T: (Bonnefoy 1995,
22)
R: Bonnefoy, Yves. 1995. New
and selected poems. Ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
|
Chapter or other part
of a book
|
N: 5. Andrew Wiese,
"'The House I Live In': Race, Class, and African American
Suburban Dreams in the Postwar United States," in The
New Suburban History, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J.
Sugrue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 101-2.
B: Wiese, Andrew. "'The House I
Live In': Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams
in the Postwar United States." In The New Suburban History,
edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, 99-119.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
|
T: (Wiese 2006,
101-2)
R: Wiese, Andrew. 2006. " 'The House
I Live In:' Race, Class, and African American Suburban
Dreams in the Postwar United States." In The New Suburban
History, edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue,
99-119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
|
Chapter of an edited
volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)
|
N: 8. Quintus Tullius
Cicero,"Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship," in
Rome: Late Republic and Principate, ed. Walter
Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University
of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, ed. John
Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1986), 35.
B: Cicero, Quintus Tullius. "Handbook
on Canvassing for the Consulship." In Rome: Late Republic
and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter
White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western
Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner,
33-46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally
published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters
of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).
|
T: (Cicero 1986,
35)
R: Cicero, Quintus Tullius.
1986. Handbook on canvassing for the consulship. In Rome:
Late Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi
Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings
in Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner,
33-46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Originally
published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters
of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).
|
Preface, foreword, introduction,
or similar part of a book
|
N: 17. James Rieger,
introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus,
by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1982).
B:
Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern
Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi-xxxvii.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
|
T: (Rieger 1982,
xx-xxi)
R: Rieger, James. 1982.
Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The MNodern Prometheus,
by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi-xxxvii. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press.
|
Book published electronically
If a book is available in more than one
format, you should cite the version you consulted, but
you may also list the other formats, as in the second
example below. If an access date is required by your publisher
or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of
the citation, as in the first example below.
|
N: 2. Philip B.
Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders' Constitution
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
(accessed June 27, 2006).
B: Kurland,
Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders' Constitution.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Also available in print form and as a CD-ROM.
|
T: (Kurland and
Lerner 1987)
R: Kurland, Philip
B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders' Constitution.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
|
Articles
in Periodicals
Article in a print
journal
|
N: 8. John Maynard
Smith, "The Origin of Altruism," Nature 393 (1998): 639.
B: Smith, John Maynard. "The Origin
of Altruism." Nature 393 (1998): 639-40.
|
T: (Smith 1998,
639)
R: Smith, John Maynard. 1998.
The origin of altruism. Nature 393: 639-40.
|
Article in an online
journal
If an access date is
required by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically
at the end of the citation, as in the fourth example below.
|
N: 33. Mark A.
Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms
in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy:
Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement
Study (HERS) Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association
287, no. 5 (2002): 141, accessed December 5, 2008, http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/
joc10108.html#aainfo.
B: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd,
Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. "Quality-of-Life
and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after
Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and
Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial." Journal
of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February
6, 2002): 141, accessed December 5, 2008, http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/
joc10108.html#aainfo.
|
T: (Hlatky et al.
2002)
R: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek
Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A.
Whooley. 2002. "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms
in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy:
Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement
Study (HERS) Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association
287, no. 5 (February 6), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo
(accessed January 7, 2004).
|
Popular magazine article
|
N: 29. Steve Martin,
"Sports-Interview Shocker," New Yorker, May 6, 2002, 84.
B: Martin, Steve. "Sports-Interview
Shocker." New Yorker, May 6, 2002.
|
T: (Martin 2002,
84)
R: Martin, Steve. 2002. "Sports-Interview
Shocker." New Yorker, May 6.
|
Newspaper article
Newspaper articles may be cited in running
text ("As William Niederkorn noted in a New York Times
article on June 20, 2002, . . . ") instead of in a note
or an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted
from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following
examples show the more formal versions of the citations.
|
N: 10. William
S. Niederkorn, "A Scholar Recants on His 'Shakespeare'
Discovery," New York Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section,
Midwest edition.
B: Niederkorn,
William S. "A Scholar Recants on His 'Shakespeare' Discovery."
New York Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.
|
T: (Niederkorn 2002)
R: Niederkorn, William S. 2002. "A
scholar recants on his 'Shakespeare' discovery."
New York Times, June 20, Arts section, Midwest
edition.
|
Book review
|
N: 1. James Gorman,
"Endangered Species," review of The Last American Man,
by Elizabeth Gilbert, New York Times Book Review, June
2, 2002, 16.
B: Gorman, James. "Endangered
Species." Review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth
Gilbert. New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002.
|
T: (Gorman 2002,
16)
R: Gorman, James. 2002. "Endangered Species."
Review of The Last American man, by Elizabeth Gilbert.
New York Times Book Review, June 2, 14-15.
|
Other Citations
|
Thesis or dissertation
N: 22. M. Amundin, "Click Repetition
Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the Harbour
Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena" (PhD diss., Stockholm University,
1991), 22-29, 35.
B: Amundin, M.
"Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds
from the Harbour Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena." PhD diss.,
Stockholm University, 1991.
|
T: (Amundin 1991,
22-29, 35)
R: Amundin, M. 1991.
Click repetition rate patterns in communicative sounds
from the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. PhD diss.,
Stockholm University.
|
Paper presented at a meeting or
conference
N: 13. Brian Doyle,
"Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59"
(paper presented at the annual international meeting for
the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany,
June 19-22, 2002).
B: Doyle, Brian.
"Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59."
Paper presented at the annual international meeting for
the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June
19-22, 2002.
|
T: (Doyle 2002)
R: Doyle, Brian. 2002. "Howling Like
Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59." Paper presented
at the annual international meeting for the Society of
Biblical Literature, June 19-22, in Berlin, Germany.
|
Web site
Web sites may be cited in running text ("On its Web site,
the Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees states .
. .") instead of in an in-text citation, and they are
commonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list.
The following examples show the more formal versions
of the citations; notes may be the only location. If an access date is required by your
publisher or discipline, include it before the URL at
the end of the citation, as in the second example below.
N: 11. Evanston Public Library Board
of Trustees, "Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,
2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach," Evanston Public Library,
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.
B: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees.
"Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A
Decade of Outreach." Evanston Public Library. Accessed
July 19, 2008. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html
|
T: (Evanston Public
Library Board of Trustees)
R: Evanston
Public Library Board of Trustees. 2008. "Evanston Public Library
Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach." Evanston
Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.
|
Weblog (blog) entry or comment
Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text
("In a comment posted to the Becker-Posner Blog on March
6, 2006, Peter Pearson noted . . .") instead of in a note
or an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted
from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following
examples show the more formal versions of the citations.
If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline,
include it before the URL,
as in the first example below.
N:
8. Peter Pearson, comment on "The New American Dilemma:
Illegal Immigration," The Becker-Posner Blog, comment
posted March 6, 2006, accessed march 28, 2006. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/archives/
2006/03/
the_new_america.html#c080052.
B: Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/.
|
T: (Peter Pearson,
The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006)
R: Becker-Posner blog, The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/.
|
E-mail message
E-mail messages may be cited in running text ("In an e-mail
message to the author on October 31, 2005, John Doe revealed
. . .") instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and
they are rarely listed in a bibliography or reference
list. The following example shows the more formal version
of a note.
N: 2. John Doe, e-mail
message to author, October 31, 2005.
|
|
Item in public online database
Journal articles published in online databases should
be cited as shown above, under "Article in an online journal."
If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline,
include it parenthetically at the end of the citation,
as in the first example below.
N:
7. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, ed. John Bostock
and H. T. Riley, in the Perseus Digital Library, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication
( accessed November 17, 2005).
B:
Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/.
|
T: (Pliny the Elder,
Perseus Digital Library)
R: Perseus
Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/.
|
Item in a commercial database
For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession number following the facts of
publication. In this example, the dissertation cited above is shown as it would be cited if it were retrieved from
ProQuest’s database for dissertations and theses.
N,B:Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals
during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss., University
of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426). |
T:(Choi, 2008)
R:Choi, Mihwa. 2008. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty."
PhD diss., University of Chicago. ProQuest (AAT 3300426). |
Page content adapted from Chicago Manual of
Style Online, {http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html}
