Consult the MLA Handbook for Writers
of Research Papers (6th ed.) for special situations.
In-Text Parenthetical
References
Give credit in the text to
exact quotations as well as paraphrases of information and
ideas.
Three ways to cite in the text:
1. Statements followed by cite in parentheses.
- (Paraphrase) There has been a great
disagreement between physicists and musicians about
music (Taylor 37).
- (Exact Quote)"Music has come a long
way since […] But it will never supplant the sounds
of
traditional instruments" (Taylor 37).
2. Include the author(s) in the statement
with the year in parentheses.
- According to Taylor (1991) physicists
and musicians now have a more amicable relationship (39).
3. Include the author(s) and the year
in statements.
- In a 1991 article, Taylor blamed
physicists for the … (36).
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Works Cited Format
The reference list at the end of
the paper provides the information needed to locate and retrieve
the source documents cited in the paper.
General notes:
- Head this section Works Cited
and center the heading
- Include only sources cited in your
paper.
- Start the first line flush with the
left margin and indent subsequent lines five spaces.
- Double space between and within entries.
- Space once after all punctuation.
- Arrange entries in alphabetical order
by last name of author.
- Use full names of authors as stated
in the original publication.
- List the first author in reverse
order (last name first) and all other authors in standard
order (first name, last name).
- If there are two or more books by
the same author, give the full name in the first entry
and type three hyphens followed by a period for subsequent
entries.
- If there are three or more authors,
either name only the first author followed by et al. or
give all names in full.
- If no author is given, incorporate
the citation in the list alphabetically by title.
- Capitalize all important words in
the titles.
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Note: These examples are single-spaced
to save space. In a paper, entries are double-spaced.
Book
Author, First, and Second Author.
Title of Book: Underscored with All Important Words
Capitalized. Edition abbreviated
if appropriate. City of Publication, State
if not well-known city: Publisher, Date.
Fletcher, Neville, H., and Thomas
D. Rossing. The Physics of Musical
Instruments. 2nd ed. New
York: Springer-Verlag, 1998.
Edited Book
Editor, First, ed. Title of Book:
Underscored with All Important Words Capitalized.
Edition abbreviated if appropriate.
City of Publication, and state if not
well-known city: Publisher, Date.
Schutte, Anne Jacobson, Thomas Kuehn, and
Silvana Seidel Menchi, eds. Time, Space,
and Women's Lives in Early
Modern Europe. Kirksville, MO: Truman State
University Press, 2001.
Chapter in Book
Author(s) of the Chapter. "Title
of the Chapter in Quotes with All Important Words
Capitalized." Title of the Book Underscored
with All Important Words Capitalized.
Ed. followed by the name of the editor
in standard name order. City of
Publication, State if not well-known
city: Publisher, Date. Inclusive page numbers
of chapter.
Carterette, Edward C., and Roger
A. Kendall. "Human Music Perception." The
Comparative Psychology of Audition:
Perceiving Complex Sounds. Ed.
Robert J. Dooling and Steward
H. Hulse. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, 1989.
120-149.
Entry from Literature Criticism Series
Author, First. "Title of Article
in Quotes with all Important Words Capitalized". Title
of the Periodical the Work Appeared
in First Underscored with All Important
Words Capitalized. Day Month
Year: pages. Rpt. in Name of Publication
Underscored with All Important Words
Capitalized. Vol. Number. Ed. Name
of Editor in First Last Order. City
of Publication: Publisher, Date. Pages.
Benedict, Ruth, "The Past and the
Future". The Nation 7 December 1946: 656-658.
Rpt. in Contemporary Literary
Criticism. Vol. 97. Ed. Deborah A. Stanley.
Detroit: Gale, 1997. 300-301.
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Scholarly Journal
- Continuous Pagination
Author, First, and Second Author.
"Title of the Article in Quotes with All Important
Words Capitalized." Name of Journal
Underscored with All Important Words
Capitalized. Volume number (Year
in parentheses): pages.
Menou, Kristen, Benjamin Audit, Xavier
Boutillon, and Holger Vach. "Holographic
Study of a Vibrating Bell: An
Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment."
American Journal of Physics.
66 (1998): 380-86.
OR
Author, First, et al. (If three or
more authors.) Rest of publication information as above.
Menou, Kristen, et al. "Holographic
Study of a Vibrating Bell: An Undergraduate
Laboratory Experiment." American
Journal of Physics. 66 (1998): 380-86.
Scholarly Journal - Repaginated Issues
Author, First, and Second Author.
"Title of the Article in Quotes with All Important Words
Capitalized." Name of Journal Underscored
with All Important Words Capitalized
Volume number.Issue number (Year in
parentheses): pages.
Steinberg, Lawrence. "The Importance
of Serendipity." Marriage & Family Review
31.3/4 (2001): 31-47.
Magazine Article
Author, First, and Second Author.
"Title of the Article in Quotes with All Important
Words Capitalized." Name of the Magazine
Underscored with All Important
Words Capitalized Day Month
(Abbreviated) Year: pages.
Lipkin, Richard. "To Build a Better
Violin: Can Scientists Determine Why
Some Instruments Sound Great?"
Science News 3 Sept. 2002: 22-25.
Full Text Article from an Online Database
Author, First. "Title of Article
in Quotes with All Important Words Capitalized." Name
of the Periodical, Underscored with
All Important Words Capitalized Volume
Issue number (if given)
(Year): pages. Name of Database Underscored. Name of service
provider. The
date of access <The URL of the Database Homepage in angle brackets>.
Page, Philip. "Furrowing all the
Brows: Interpretation and the Transcendent in
Toni Morrison's Paradise."
African American Review 35 (2001): 637-49.
Literature Resource Center. Gale Group.
10 May 2002
<http://infotrac.galegroup.com>.
Full Text Article in an Online Periodical
Author, First. "Title of Article
in Quotes with All Important Words Capitalized."
Name of the Periodical Underscored
with All Important Words Capitalized volume
number.issue (Year): Range or total
number of pages (ex. 11 pp.) or paragraphs
(ex. 46 pars.). Day Month Year of
Access <URL>.
Watanabe, Kazuko. "Reading Little
Women, Reading Motherhood in Japan." Feminist
Studies 25 (1999): 8pp. 3 Oct. 2001 <http://www.lib.umd.edu/ETC/ReadingRoom
/Newsletters/FemStud/>.
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Entry from Online Database -
Reprinted Information
Author, First, Last name (if given). "Title
of Article in Quotes with All Important Words Capitalized."
Title of Source (if given) Underscored with All Important Words
Capitalized. Day Month Year: pages (if given).
Rpt. (if given)
in Name of Publication Underscored with All Important
Words Capitalized. Vol. Number.
Ed. Name of Editor in First,
Last Order. City and State of Publication: Publisher, Date. Pages
(if given).
Name of Database Underscored. Service Provider. Day Month Year of access.
<URL>.
Benedict, Ruth, "The Past and the
Future". The Nation 7 December 1946: 656-658.
Rpt. in Contemporary Literary
Criticism. Vol. 97. Ed. Deborah A. Stanley.
Detroit: Gale, 1997. 300-301. Literature Resource Center. Gale Group.
25 October 2002. <http://galenet.galegroup.com>.
"Isabel Allende." Contemporary Literary Criticism-Select.
In Literature Resource Center.
Gale Group. 31 March
2005. <http://galenet.galegroup.com>.
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Website
Person
who created the site (if known) last name, first name. Name
of the Site. Name of
the institution associated with
the site, if appropriate. Day Month Year of Access.
<URL>.
Guglielmo Marconi: The "Father
of Radio." The Guglielmo Marconi Foundation, U.S.A.,
Inc. 22 Dec. 2004. <http://www.marconiusa.org/marconi/index.html>.
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Video
Title
of the Video Underscored. Director and/or producer in
standard word
order with abbreviations Dir. or Prod.
Original release date. Medium.
Name of Distributor, Date.
Gone with the Wind. Prod.
David O. Selznick. 1939. Videocasette.
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, 1998.
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